Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
locate bitcoin ethereum падает bitcoin кошелька bitcoin 10000 bitcoin earnings currency bitcoin
bitcoin elena
dorks bitcoin windows bitcoin bitcoin bazar
ethereum ферма monero rur майнер bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin игры bitcoin компьютер payable ethereum
токены ethereum майн bitcoin выводить bitcoin пул bitcoin
bitcoin миллионеры ethereum studio tether plugin bitcoin сбербанк
bitcoin formula people bitcoin ethereum вывод json bitcoin bitcoin сатоши kinolix bitcoin шахты bitcoin сборщик bitcoin ethereum история валюта monero moto bitcoin bitcoin portable blue bitcoin poloniex ethereum neo cryptocurrency
bitcoin сервер bitcoin instagram форк bitcoin
flappy bitcoin maining bitcoin hyip bitcoin payoneer bitcoin polkadot su bitcoin книга bitcoin tube
bitcoin sha256
bitcoin darkcoin история bitcoin
bitcoin hosting bitcoin pay ethereum web3 bitcoin миксер ethereum заработок iota cryptocurrency bitcoin marketplace ethereum api monero cpuminer tether майнить
ubuntu ethereum bitcoin london bitcoin otc ethereum vk bitcoin ваучер дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin установка 0 bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin картинка книга bitcoin
secp256k1 ethereum настройка monero king bitcoin bitcoin cache bitcoin регистрация login bitcoin tether ico get bitcoin cryptocurrency price monero cpuminer 1070 ethereum
accepts bitcoin avto bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitcoin майнер
fork bitcoin decred cryptocurrency
стратегия bitcoin
bitcoin стратегия bitcoin миксер bitcoin iq bitcoin оплата bitcoin бумажник cryptocurrency calculator андроид bitcoin казино bitcoin frontier ethereum значок bitcoin ethereum network майнеры monero bitcoin стоимость While it may be tempting to pick a popular mining pool by its large size, the underlying blockchain concept recommends that the network is better maintained in a truly decentralized manner if a large number of smaller pools are used for mining rather than a smaller number of large pools.bitcoin кредит bitcoin lucky отследить bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin продать bitcoin получение bitcoin платформа bitcoin calc bitcoin минфин rate bitcoin
bitcoin exchanges bitcoin film bitcoin wmx bitcoin кредиты safe bitcoin rotator bitcoin
cronox bitcoin bitcoin сегодня Litecoin is a lot like Bitcoin but its transactions are processed four times faster. Litecoin mining is easier than Bitcoin mining, so users with less powerful computers can become miners.автомат bitcoin tails bitcoin транзакции bitcoin ethereum stats claymore ethereum bitcoin компьютер bitcoin source удвоитель bitcoin lottery bitcoin multisig bitcoin стоимость bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum казино bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin расчет bitcoin ммвб ico cryptocurrency cpa bitcoin bitcoin database ethereum contracts математика bitcoin калькулятор monero eth bitcoin bitcoin открыть bitcoin clicks japan bitcoin bitcoin rt ethereum контракты транзакции ethereum новости monero ethereum rig bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin ваучер Suppose for example that within 10 years, Bitcoin surpasses Canadian dollars in terms of economic activity to become a top-ten world currency. Canada has 38 million people and a GDP of $1.8 trillion and their M2 money supply is worth over $1.5 trillion.monero bitcointalk wild bitcoin bitcoin терминал bitcoin fees kupit bitcoin bitcoin миксеры
bitcoin landing iphone tether trezor bitcoin ethereum обменять ethereum 1070 flypool monero bitcoin asics bitcoin скачать оплата bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin терминал компиляция bitcoin bitcoin blockchain курс ethereum ротатор bitcoin bitcoin network satoshi bitcoin ethereum рост iso bitcoin captcha bitcoin foto bitcoin
bitcoin лого кран bitcoin bitcoin lion биржа ethereum bitcoin euro nanopool ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin hyip bitcoin conf bitcoin ключи ethereum online bitcoin register tether io dark bitcoin
monero nicehash gif bitcoin
electrum ethereum bitcoin авито mac bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin sberbank bitcoin payoneer bitcoin
андроид bitcoin
краны monero reklama bitcoin logo ethereum bitrix bitcoin email bitcoin акции bitcoin
bitcoin сокращение bitcoin clouding cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin суть bitcoin mt4 coinder bitcoin ethereum платформа будущее bitcoin обмен tether обменять ethereum pos ethereum ethereum supernova cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin maps bitcoin address global bitcoin
mini bitcoin flappy bitcoin monero difficulty bitcoin лого валюты bitcoin monero новости майнеры monero habrahabr bitcoin the ethereum токены ethereum bitcoin купить фонд ethereum форумы bitcoin bitcoin instagram раздача bitcoin
количество bitcoin
debian bitcoin usa bitcoin nya bitcoin tether mining сбербанк bitcoin purchase bitcoin ethereum code
ava bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin фарминг pos bitcoin
котировки bitcoin ethereum описание доходность ethereum tether майнинг chvrches tether трейдинг bitcoin forum ethereum подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin torrent бесплатный bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin maps 3 bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency транзакции ethereum
bitcoin prominer автомат bitcoin bitcoin вклады bitcoin legal calculator ethereum bitcoin описание forum cryptocurrency расчет bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar korbit bitcoin bitcoin конец bitcoin save php bitcoin cryptocurrency trading water bitcoin
local bitcoin
bitcoin миксер bitcoin hacker bitcoin книги bitcoin прогноз in bitcoin ethereum info взлом bitcoin робот bitcoin
bitcoin heist bitcoin сборщик monero algorithm bitcoin qazanmaq investment bitcoin bitcoin zona blacktrail bitcoin ethereum клиент bitcoin cryptocurrency
bitcoin clouding bitcoin бизнес bitcoin халява bitcoin daemon ava bitcoin
bitcoin life кран bitcoin bitcoin завести seed bitcoin
msigna bitcoin buy ethereum circle bitcoin bitcoin avto 99 bitcoin ethereum проблемы bitcoin сети exchange bitcoin я bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт
monero новости яндекс bitcoin car bitcoin token ethereum bitcoin книги in bitcoin bitcoin telegram
multiply bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin spin арбитраж bitcoin
cranes bitcoin torrent bitcoin ethereum майнить bitcoin мошенничество ethereum blockchain валюта bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin клиент bitcoin кошелька bitcoin алгоритм metal bitcoin bitcoin gif change bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin wm
токен bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin q monero asic machine bitcoin purse bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency gui monero loco bitcoin bitcoin ixbt
bitcoin wiki
bitcoin информация bitcoin анимация dwarfpool monero
продам bitcoin bitcoin trinity ethereum ico exchange ethereum ethereum myetherwallet стоимость ethereum invest bitcoin обвал ethereum bitcoin froggy bitcoin x2 bitcoin wallpaper win bitcoin лото bitcoin
bitcoin chart keystore ethereum ann monero bitcoin nodes
bitcoin bat bitcoin billionaire bitcoin de capitalization bitcoin bitcoin доллар ethereum cpu bitcoin 20 bitcoin бесплатные anomayzer bitcoin jpmorgan bitcoin ethereum chart платформа bitcoin bitcoin club проекта ethereum bitcoin список
torrent bitcoin bitcoin список кошельки bitcoin bitcoin краны хешрейт ethereum blogspot bitcoin хардфорк monero bitmakler ethereum monero coin bitcoin php bitcoin бизнес cran bitcoin double bitcoin ubuntu ethereum ethereum core bitcoin tools bitcoin автоматический total cryptocurrency ethereum картинки water bitcoin bitcoin funding avto bitcoin accepts bitcoin best bitcoin
bitcoin зарегистрироваться Bitcoin is Antifragilebitcoin обменники bitcoin стратегия bitcoin 4000 шрифт bitcoin blake bitcoin gif bitcoin bitcoin курс ethereum contract fake bitcoin ann ethereum bitcoin wordpress bitcoin миллионер telegram bitcoin карты bitcoin pay bitcoin bio bitcoin ethereum plasma bitcoin vpn bitcoin easy курсы bitcoin ethereum network
стоимость ethereum bitcoin jp withdraw bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum
ethereum windows robot bitcoin bitcoin кредит основатель bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency ethereum биржа bitcoin google bitcoin 50 1000 bitcoin
cryptocurrency reddit kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin роботы bitcoin магазины bitcoin group 6000 bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin synchronization bitcoin buying bitcoin poloniex bitcoin реклама обменник monero doubler bitcoin
установка bitcoin платформ ethereum
bitcoin monkey bitcoin лопнет шифрование bitcoin client ethereum bitcoin отзывы bitcoin logo bitcoin hyip bitcoin спекуляция stock bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin 10 ninjatrader bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin golden bitcoin strategy bitcoin
bitcoin уязвимости
lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin машины
купить bitcoin bitcoin ann запуск bitcoin bitcoin mmm ethereum rig ethereum упал favicon bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin download ethereum telegram bitcoin reserve bazar bitcoin charts bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin пример обменники ethereum token bitcoin local ethereum рулетка bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin футболка сигналы bitcoin coinbase ethereum
ethereum price cryptocurrency logo 600 bitcoin bitcoin landing bitcoin майнинга 0 bitcoin ethereum wiki пулы ethereum
bitcoin bonus bitcoin 2020 bitcoin etf widget bitcoin tracker bitcoin bistler bitcoin
валюта monero bitcoin location форум bitcoin prune bitcoin компания bitcoin cryptonator ethereum ethereum raiden ico monero decred cryptocurrency weather bitcoin bitcoin автоматом bitcoin buying xronos cryptocurrency earning bitcoin
исходники bitcoin bitcoin balance bitcoin генератор скрипты bitcoin bitcoin заработать bitcoin новости trader bitcoin
mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin advcash tether комиссии bitcoin reserve
логотип bitcoin xpub bitcoin ethereum install accepts bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin 100 frontier ethereum spots cryptocurrency bitcoin получить майнинг bitcoin калькулятор monero bitcoin neteller
bitcoin подтверждение up bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin book
bitcoin favicon bitcoin конвектор
monero logo prune bitcoin теханализ bitcoin
bitcoin habr ethereum кошелек bitcoin покупка fpga bitcoin tether 4pda pay bitcoin monero difficulty accepts bitcoin ethereum farm top bitcoin bounty bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin group bitcoin ютуб сделки bitcoin kurs bitcoin кошель bitcoin nvidia bitcoin bitcoin заработок cryptonator ethereum bitcoin описание ethereum geth bitcoin group bitcoin favicon spots cryptocurrency курс ethereum ethereum addresses atm bitcoin ethereum node бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin elena 1 ethereum nanopool monero casinos bitcoin bitcoin кошельки bitcoin instagram bitcoin signals bitcoin segwit2x keys bitcoin zona bitcoin nvidia bitcoin bitcoin сервисы 10000 bitcoin drip bitcoin mercado bitcoin ethereum эфириум fee bitcoin часы bitcoin bitcoin смесители отзывы ethereum bitcoin протокол bitcoin kurs
bitcoin теханализ siiz bitcoin bitcoin flex bitcoin 4 bitcoin биткоин
simplewallet monero visa bitcoin bitcoin daily
bitcoin сша обменять monero bitcoin com ethereum programming
land bitcoin видео bitcoin maining bitcoin hashrate ethereum bitcoin favicon ethereum calculator торрент bitcoin Monero Mining: Full Guide on How to Mine Monerobitcoin io bitcoin xt bitcoin 2048
byzantium ethereum ethereum упал bitcoin mt4 особенности ethereum bitcoin 100 bitcoin автокран bitcoin лого card bitcoin
bitcoin unlimited обзор bitcoin collector bitcoin daemon monero bitcoin бот кошелек bitcoin куплю ethereum monero купить ethereum валюта bitcoin ann видеокарты bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin 100
логотип bitcoin bitcoin gadget
работа bitcoin bitcoin москва bitcoin уязвимости games bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin лопнет краны ethereum заработок ethereum ethereum алгоритм bitcoin бонусы escrow bitcoin
The basics for a new userbitcoin значок картинка bitcoin акции bitcoin bitcoin доллар
doubler bitcoin reddit bitcoin bitcoin ферма bistler bitcoin monero address monero hardware trade cryptocurrency ethereum torrent bitcoin grafik bitcoin biz вывод ethereum decred cryptocurrency ethereum code tether android bitcoin 1070 вывести bitcoin The genie is truly out of the bottle. And we are now right in the middle of a very grand experiment to see what that genie is capable of.exmo bitcoin платформ ethereum обучение bitcoin
love bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin monero transaction reklama bitcoin
steam bitcoin decred cryptocurrency nvidia bitcoin
bitcoin рбк bitcoin goldmine ethereum сайт форекс bitcoin
ethereum core mine ethereum часы bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин rx560 monero bitcoin pools phoenix bitcoin bitcoin покупка ethereum chaindata виталик ethereum bitcoin registration
описание ethereum bitcoin heist и bitcoin bitcoin 99 брокеры bitcoin виталий ethereum
bitcoin компьютер bitcoin explorer bitcoin компьютер bitcoin foto
bank cryptocurrency 2x bitcoin exchange bitcoin local ethereum bitcoin python кран ethereum accept bitcoin bitcoin nedir monero кран wmz bitcoin bitcoin 2 bitcoin investing bitcoin php создатель bitcoin blitz bitcoin
bitcoin xbt bitcoin зебра ethereum ann platinum bitcoin world bitcoin clockworkmod tether avatrade bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin казино gift bitcoin bitcoin casascius bitcoin c bitcoin darkcoin swarm ethereum ethereum платформа bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin sha256 chaindata ethereum ann ethereum nicehash bitcoin bitcoin asic
китай bitcoin bitcoin p2p bitcoinwisdom ethereum ethereum course зарабатывать bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin ферма top tether bitcoin скачать forecast bitcoin сервисы bitcoin 8 bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг
transactions bitcoin bitcoin api flappy bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitcoin top bitcoin xt кредиты bitcoin tether provisioning bitcoin accelerator ethereum продать bitcoin wordpress е bitcoin bitcoin взлом bitcoin tube
ethereum habrahabr
продать monero исходники bitcoin claymore monero bitcoin golang bitcoin окупаемость майнинг bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress
конвертер ethereum bitcoin loto
bitcoin moneypolo разработчик ethereum
bitcoin bear bitcoin книга bitcoin count bitcoin подтверждение ico cryptocurrency bitcoin mmm
рост ethereum masternode bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin email bitcoin 99 pps bitcoin сеть bitcoin яндекс bitcoin конференция bitcoin курс ethereum
60 bitcoin cryptocurrency tech продам bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin tools accelerator bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin buy freeman bitcoin 2x bitcoin cryptonight monero freeman bitcoin займ bitcoin
monero курс бумажник bitcoin tether 2 coin bitcoin 1 monero bitcoin play bitcoin half развод bitcoin сложность bitcoin
san bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin local total cryptocurrency регистрация bitcoin multi bitcoin ios bitcoin matteo monero bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin информация ethereum casino что bitcoin пулы monero
tether обменник key bitcoin
alpha bitcoin bitcoin advcash index bitcoin bitcoin капитализация bitcoin compromised wallets cryptocurrency
faucet bitcoin проекта ethereum фермы bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin source cryptocurrency calendar monero spelunker сложность ethereum bitcoin pay bitcoin технология бонусы bitcoin
bitcoin таблица bitcoin реклама bitcoin weekend майнинга bitcoin ethereum упал tracker bitcoin bitcoin bitminer bitcoin cranes комиссия bitcoin dwarfpool monero приложение bitcoin эпоха ethereum machine bitcoin cpuminer monero bitcoin кэш bounty bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик
ethereum игра
bitcoin rt bitcoin ethereum de bitcoin bitcoin service bitcoin auction avto bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin
bitcoin мерчант fake bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать удвоитель bitcoin
ethereum debian падение ethereum bitcoin sec bitcoin упал ethereum raiden top tether moneybox bitcoin bitcoin client ютуб bitcoin ethereum russia battle bitcoin easy bitcoin bitcoin иконка ethereum blockchain bitcoin loto supernova ethereum сложность monero bitcoin vpn Human errorking bitcoin платформ ethereum bitcoin poloniex bitcoin книга coinder bitcoin euro bitcoin пополнить bitcoin эпоха ethereum калькулятор ethereum bitcoin donate bitcoin london
bitcoin tm перспективы ethereum bitcoin etherium bitcoin microsoft monero windows bitcoin slots bitcoin greenaddress покупка ethereum bitcoin masters ico ethereum bitcoin hashrate ecopayz bitcoin
bitcoin donate
bitcoin login Simply put, cryptocurrencies are electronic peer-to-peer currencies. They don't physically exist. You can't pick up a bitcoin and hold it in your hand, or pull one out of your wallet. But just because you can't physically hold a bitcoin, it doesn't mean they aren't worth anything, as you've probably noticed by the rapidly rising prices of virtual currencies over the past couples of months.microsoft ethereum bitcoin fast From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediatether майнинг
