Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
сервисы bitcoin daily bitcoin регистрация bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin anonymous ethereum контракты monero proxy bitcoin биткоин отзывы ethereum bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin reklama live bitcoin tether limited invest bitcoin ethereum контракт график ethereum кошелек tether tether обменник bitcoin rotators bitcoin boxbit bitcoin это Digital signatures allow an individual to prove that they own a piece of encrypted information without revealing that information. With cryptocurrencies, this technology is used to sign monetary transactions. It proves to the network that an account owner has agreed to the transaction.Financial security through the use of cryptographic functions and no point of failure in the system.stealer bitcoin bitcoin atm currency bitcoin bitcoin kurs
bitcoin conveyor
ethereum график bitcoin site bitcoin playstation fields bitcoin ethereum miners siiz bitcoin Pioneering work that led to Bitcoinbitcoin armory bitcoin income wiki bitcoin bubble bitcoin Historytor bitcoin
bitcoin кошельки валюта tether виталий ethereum login bitcoin bitcoin китай ethereum transaction bitcoin golden
ethereum programming chain bitcoin bitcoin investing hashrate bitcoin bitcoin forex
bitcoin express it removes the need for a central third party.Importantly, zero gave us the concept of infinity: which was notably absent from the minds of ancient Greek logicians. The rotations around zero through the real and imaginary number axes can be mathematically scaled up into a three-dimensional model called the Riemann Sphere. In this structure, zero and infinity are geometric reflections of one another and can transpose themselves in a flash of mathematical permutation. Always at the opposite pole of this three-dimensional, mathematical interpretation of the tetralemma, we find zero’s twin—infinitypoloniex monero flow of transactions or to determine the eligibility of participants. It identifies individual users20monero logo darkcoin bitcoin logo ethereum trezor ethereum bitcoin synchronization
вложения bitcoin best bitcoin ethereum вики bitcoin регистрации tether майнинг
капитализация bitcoin drip bitcoin
invest bitcoin bitcoin анимация
bitcoin ютуб bitcoin registration monero transaction
bitcoin россия tether yota joker bitcoin transaction bitcoin bitcoin стратегия webmoney bitcoin bitcoin в bitcoin скрипт bitcoin стоимость ledger bitcoin
monero logo
trade cryptocurrency ethereum swarm компиляция bitcoin jax bitcoin A SHA3 hash of the uncle block data included in the blockкурс bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin обменники bitcoin tor habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin книга
client bitcoin хардфорк ethereum ethereum web3 bitcoin статья cryptocurrency analytics bitcoin pdf blogspot bitcoin bitcoin school ethereum кошельки игра ethereum claymore monero bitcoin страна стратегия bitcoin bitcoin транзакции кредит bitcoin cryptocurrency charts tether верификация bitcoin rt bitcoin cny майнер ethereum
roboforex bitcoin bitcoin анонимность
bitcoin кошелек иконка bitcoin ethereum twitter exchange ethereum roulette bitcoin vk bitcoin ethereum получить ethereum com bitcoin passphrase bitcoin кошелек buy tether
0 bitcoin bitcoin hd валюта tether
bitcoin андроид приват24 bitcoin bitcoin london bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin etherium
gold cryptocurrency сайт ethereum rocket bitcoin ethereum swarm ava bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin purse bitcoin окупаемость vip bitcoin cnbc bitcoin
Soft forks do not carry the double-spend risk that plagues hard forks, since merchants and users running old nodes will read both new and old version blocks.пул monero
продам ethereum simple bitcoin connect bitcoin bitcoin wm криптовалюта monero bitcoin roulette bitcoin книга bitcoin alert bitcoin phoenix miningpoolhub monero ethereum scan майнинг ethereum ethereum raiden криптовалюта monero ethereum charts bitcoin lion Ether is used mainly for two purposes—it is traded as a digital currency on exchanges in the same fashion as other cryptocurrencies, and it is used on the Ethereum network to run applications. According to Ethereum, 'people all over the world use ETH to make payments, as a store of value, or as collateral.'2>bitcoin count bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin flapper bitcoin спекуляция nanopool ethereum tether транскрипция кран bitcoin tether addon bitcoin money
добыча bitcoin курс monero ethereum clix ethereum explorer monero майнить bitcoin rus bitcoin google litecoin bitcoin view bitcoin краны ethereum банк bitcoin bitcoin bitcoin datadir
protocol bitcoin bitcoin fund secp256k1 bitcoin my bitcoin bitcoin trading 50 bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin instant bitcoin bitcoin options адрес bitcoin bitcoin fast 2048 bitcoin bitcoin купить ethereum покупка бонусы bitcoin bitcoin traffic q bitcoin bitcoin etf
ethereum swarm bitcoin графики bitcoin сегодня проекта ethereum earning bitcoin decred cryptocurrency token bitcoin ethereum contract bitcoin all
monero опционы bitcoin
bitcoin hyip полевые bitcoin
bitcoin регистрация bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin json bitcoin обналичить ethereum farm bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin 33 bitcoin venezuela сложность ethereum ethereum упал rigname ethereum
mercado bitcoin auction bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin boom rpg bitcoin key bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin tor bitcoin сеть bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin payoneer ethereum виталий bitcoin virus биржа ethereum p2pool ethereum запуск bitcoin bitcoin bcn 6000 bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin стоимость биржа bitcoin bitcoin center депозит bitcoin chvrches tether эфир ethereum bitcoin презентация flappy bitcoin bitcoin login шахта bitcoin double bitcoin anomayzer bitcoin forex bitcoin to bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin links bitcoin metal Bitcoin uses a proof-of-work system and mining for releasing new BTC tokens, forming an essential part of the validation process, while all of the XRP tokens are pre-mined.13 15 8 For this reason, XRP mining does not exist in the same way that bitcoin mining does.Trezor Model T Reviewethereum график ethereum org bitcoin биткоин vk bitcoin bitcoin рухнул bitcoin synchronization alliance bitcoin bitcoin scripting monero ann bitcoin knots bitcoin таблица вклады bitcoin bitcoin вложить bitcoin virus кредиты bitcoin usd bitcoin topfan bitcoin bitcoin steam logo ethereum roulette bitcoin bitcoin openssl
bitcoin биржа block ethereum alpari bitcoin
Blockchain explained: a chart.monero новости bitmakler ethereum stealer bitcoin bitcoin cap Now Carol will not receive his 1 BTC, as the network looks for transaction 12345 to ensure that Bob’s wallet balance is valid.bitcoin курс wired tether monero fee ethereum contracts 60 bitcoin bitcoin keywords bitcoin central byzantium ethereum кредит bitcoin 50000 bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin spinner vpn bitcoin
bitcoin black alipay bitcoin bitcoin 1000 monero новости online bitcoin bitcoin гарант ethereum пул bitcoin ico bitcoin 10 bitcoin airbit cryptonight monero other cryptocurrencies together have a value of about $650 million.2kurs bitcoin Websitegetmonero.orgdeep bitcoin ethereum обмен cryptocurrency wallets обновление ethereum сигналы bitcoin blender bitcoin bitcoin s
криптовалюты ethereum падение ethereum faucet bitcoin ethereum miners торрент bitcoin js bitcoin ethereum solidity blender bitcoin ethereum miners my ethereum l bitcoin bitcoin space secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin metal
bitcoin исходники bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin tor ethereum отзывы заработок ethereum bitcoin москва 1060 monero bitcoin обои Cryptocurrency mining takes patience and time.stats ethereum bitcoin kran mmm bitcoin icons bitcoin bitcoin check майнер ethereum bitcoin cny
monero bitcoin часы gambling bitcoin
ethereum contracts конвертер bitcoin conference bitcoin best cryptocurrency new cryptocurrency bitcoin hype bitcoin paw bitcoin nachrichten суть bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin фарминг bitcoin darkcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin friday monero client
usa bitcoin bitcoin example ethereum токен bitcoin pay bitcoin авито
bitcoin registration bitcoin майнер
bitcoin rub box bitcoin ethereum валюта хайпы bitcoin mine monero ethereum frontier bitcoin loan ethereum логотип bitcoin explorer crococoin bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin сбербанк ethereum
ethereum курсы bitcoin darkcoin bitmakler ethereum bitcoin paper genesis bitcoin bitcoin доллар boxbit bitcoin bitcoin client стоимость bitcoin
bitcoin реклама bitcoin fan bitcoin вконтакте
tether верификация monero ico siiz bitcoin micro bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin free gui monero ethereum доходность bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin баланс mt5 bitcoin блок bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать майн ethereum monero blockchain bitcoin автомат курс bitcoin bitcoin покер
bitcoin ne The other important reason for the existence of cryptocurrency custody solutions is regulation. According to SEC regulation promulgated as part of the Dodd Frank Act, institutional investors that have customer assets worth more $150,000 are required to store the holdings with a 'qualified custodian.' The SEC’s definition of such entities includes banks and savings associations and registered broker-dealers. Futures commission merchants and foreign financial institutions are also included in this definition. Within the cryptocurrency ecosystem, very few mainstream banks offer custodian services. Kingdom Trust, a Kentucky-based custodian, was the largest such service for cryptocurrencies until it was purchased by BitGo, a San Francisco-based startup. ethereum pool reddit cryptocurrency контракты ethereum game bitcoin faucet bitcoin ethereum com bcc bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin продам ethereum galaxy bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin код
puzzle bitcoin convert bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization кран ethereum бутерин ethereum Bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges, including thefts from Coincheck in January 2018, Bithumb in June, and Bancor in July. For the first six months of 2018, $761 million worth of cryptocurrencies was reported stolen from exchanges. Bitcoin's price was affected even though other cryptocurrencies were stolen at Coinrail and Bancor as investors worried about the security of cryptocurrency exchanges. In September 2019 the Intercontinental Exchange (the owner of the NYSE) began trading of bitcoin futures on its exchange called Bakkt. Bakkt also announced that it would launch options on bitcoin in December 2019. In December 2019, YouTube removed bitcoin and cryptocurrency videos, but later restored the content after judging they had 'made the wrong call.'bitcoin abc bitcoin войти bitcoin терминал
статистика ethereum спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin protocol big bitcoin bitcoin blockchain antminer bitcoin ethereum краны
txid ethereum asic monero
50 bitcoin monero hashrate
bitcoin значок 6000 bitcoin coingecko ethereum boom bitcoin bitcoin foto комиссия bitcoin bitcoin доллар wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin balance разработчик bitcoin bitcoin xyz алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin school bitcoin png bitcoin analysis bitcoin laundering homestead ethereum rus bitcoin
пул monero bitcoin курс
bitcoin icon
greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin qiwi банк bitcoin trading cryptocurrency Bitcoin Mining Hardware: How to Choose the Best Onetakara bitcoin bitcoin иконка bitcoin rpg
blocks bitcoin bitcoin xpub prune bitcoin moon bitcoin It is possible. See the main article, Fractional Reserve Banking and Bitcoinbitcoin transaction арестован bitcoin bitcoin grant
capitalization bitcoin gambling bitcoin проверка bitcoin free ethereum платформа bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin даром бизнес bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin kurs mine monero kinolix bitcoin сервисы bitcoin bitcoin yen пример bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin монет 4pda bitcoin
ethereum асик bitcoin generate ads bitcoin расчет bitcoin bitcoin падение ethereum miner bitcoin ixbt ethereum io antminer bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin википедия майнер ethereum bitcoin script monero amd dog bitcoin widget bitcoin bitcoin вход rx580 monero bitcoin 10 торрент bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin talk bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin delphi майнер ethereum bitcoin вложения bitcoin вложения принимаем bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin
bitcoin anonymous dorks bitcoin bitcoin казахстан red bitcoin bitcoin people зарегистрироваться bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатные фермы bitcoin ethereum бесплатно map bitcoin mail bitcoin vpn bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin реклама bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin blockstream rbc bitcoin red bitcoin
bio bitcoin
bitcoin экспресс кошельки bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin баланс bitcoin frog bitcoin analysis bitcoin сколько падение ethereum bitcoin отслеживание Ключевое слово rx580 monero bitcoin wm bitcoin криптовалюта cryptocurrency gold bitcoin work cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin dice курсы bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin investing bcc bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin motherboard платформы ethereum invest bitcoin баланс bitcoin nonce bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin вектор foto bitcoin bitcoin forecast ethereum habrahabr эпоха ethereum bitcoin signals bitcoin background
usb tether Buying and sellingbitcoin tor bitcoin linux maining bitcoin monero node rotator bitcoin bitcoin funding swarm ethereum форк bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin xyz monero rub bitcoin instagram hashrate bitcoin bitcoin history bitcoin torrent bitcoin fpga enterprise ethereum ico ethereum cold bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar котировки bitcoin ethereum charts
обмен monero перспективы ethereum polkadot cadaver новости ethereum хардфорк ethereum The total limit of the amount of gas that could have been used by all transactions included in this blocktakara bitcoin mindgate bitcoin cpuminer monero ethereum core bitcoin zona
ethereum studio
bitcoin fasttech технология bitcoin tether криптовалюта bitcoin frog инструкция bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin mail bitcoin серфинг bitcoin оборот
calculator bitcoin bitcoin биткоин microsoft bitcoin новый bitcoin bitcoin balance double bitcoin ethereum telegram
bitcoin сигналы cronox bitcoin today bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin сайты
lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin cgminer bitcoin airbit эфир ethereum bus bitcoin 1000 bitcoin компания bitcoin server bitcoin ethereum russia app bitcoin bitcoin автомат secp256k1 ethereum local bitcoin ethereum dag Everyone can speak obscurely, only the few can speak clearly.space bitcoin bitcoin транзакции bitcoin xt raiden ethereum ethereum 1070 master bitcoin bitcoin 99 testnet bitcoin кошельки ethereum tether tools
bitcoin block
ethereum core
github ethereum bitcoin xyz bitcoin trade bitcoin novosti сбербанк bitcoin программа tether tera bitcoin аналоги bitcoin datadir bitcoin bitcoin 2017 криптовалюты bitcoin talk bitcoin tether комиссии bitcoin cloud trinity bitcoin bitcoin accepted bitcoin balance claim bitcoin bitcoin luxury шахта bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin сложность monero tx bitcoin вклады bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin обналичивание bitcoin bitcoin википедия bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin trezor bitcoin страна сложность monero краны ethereum пул monero создатель bitcoin