Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin billionaire пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin school обменять ethereum coingecko ethereum bitcoin компания ethereum конвертер bitcoin rotators bitcoin программирование It can seem quite confusing at first, but in this guide, I'll make it as simple as possible — welcome to Bitcoin for newbies! By the end of the guide, even total beginners will understand what Bitcoin is, how to get Bitcoin, and how to use Bitcoin.bitcoin history bitcoin qiwi bitcoin s bitcoin описание bitcoin center bitcoin transactions ethereum telegram clame bitcoin monero minergate ethereum stratum bitcoin мастернода phoenix bitcoin exchanges bitcoin взломать bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin metatrader bitcoin plugin куплю ethereum
bitcoin free
bitcoin plus ssl bitcoin bitcoin информация bitcoin компьютер
bitcointalk bitcoin bitcoin calc cryptocurrency calculator sportsbook bitcoin What is Blockchain?bitcoin 4096 ethereum solidity
bitcoin spinner bitcoin mining the ethereum bitcoin мавроди connect bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin asic bitcoin airbit
ethereum покупка bitcoin установка фри bitcoin bitcoin игры registration bitcoin перевод ethereum расчет bitcoin bitcoin книги bitcoin qiwi cryptocurrency bitcoin таблица ethereum network cryptocurrency calendar tether обмен pull bitcoin alpha bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin математика
bitcoin take
bitcoin pump bitcoin generate bitcoin вложить bitcoin com сети bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency ethereum ubuntu bitcoin кошелька bitcoin kurs купить ethereum bitcoin clicks cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin poker ethereum charts миксер bitcoin difficulty ethereum асик ethereum ethereum fork ico ethereum konvert bitcoin bitcoin hardfork x2 bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin играть bitcoin code bitcoin коллектор bitcoin poloniex token ethereum кредит bitcoin bitcoin trade bitcoin alliance брокеры bitcoin erc20 ethereum 1 ethereum bitcoin main Another attribute of bitcoin that takes away the need for central banks is that its supply is tightly controlled by the underlying algorithm. With fiat currencies (dollars, euros, yen, etc.), central banks can issue as many currency units as they want and can attempt to manipulate a currency’s value relative to others. Holders of the currency, especially citizens with little alternative, bear the cost.bitcoin qazanmaq
ethereum видеокарты ethereum programming bitcoin algorithm alpari bitcoin кредит bitcoin скачать ethereum обналичить bitcoin bitcoin swiss bitcoin россия bitcoin btc bitcoin global конвектор bitcoin bitcoin nyse основатель bitcoin bitcoin instagram
bitcoin технология world bitcoin Gaining visibilityA cryptocurrency miner is a heterogeneous computing system, which refers to systems using multiple types of processors. Heterogeneous computing is becoming more common as Moore’s Law slows down. Gordon Moore, originator of the eponymous law, predicted that transistor density in semiconductor manufacturing would produce continuous and predictable hardware improvements, but that these improvements had only 10-20 years before they reached fundamental physical limits.monero address
mini bitcoin cranes bitcoin bitcoin trader bitcoin авито bitcoin scripting scrypt bitcoin
ethereum miner bitcoin stellar ethereum пул bitcoin окупаемость график ethereum bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin реклама monero cryptonote The 'Delicate balance of terror' when miners rulede bitcoin bitcoin получение bitcoin get bitcoin main bitcoin etf
bitcoin desk bitcoin laundering bitcoin phoenix зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin balance
lazy bitcoin
вебмани bitcoin tether 2 bitcoin автокран bus bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin xapo bitcoin fpga monero краны ethereum twitter bitcoin цена калькулятор ethereum
cryptocurrency mining nicehash bitcoin bitcoin hosting
tether верификация ethereum programming fire bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin 99 bitcoin wmx connect bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin habr форки bitcoin разработчик bitcoin ethereum coingecko ethereum investing tether обзор dash cryptocurrency bitcoin программа bitcoin download bitcoin protocol
As you know, we use the 'decimal' system, which means it is base 10. This, in turn, means that every digit of a multi-digit number has 10 possibilities, zero through nine.аналоги bitcoin bitcoin fire
bitcoin green ethereum miners ethereum stratum bitcoin news
c bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия flappy bitcoin bitcoin segwit2x monero прогноз bitcoin formula график bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin вложения monero форк bitrix bitcoin
ethereum ротаторы bitcoin лохотрон ethereum wallet fx bitcoin bitcoin daemon nem cryptocurrency bitcoin alliance bitcoin инструкция Most bitcoin transactions take place on a cryptocurrency exchange, rather than being used in transactions with merchants. Delays processing payments through the blockchain of about ten minutes make bitcoin use very difficult in a retail setting. Prices are not usually quoted in units of bitcoin and many trades involve one, or sometimes two, conversions into conventional currencies. Merchants that do accept bitcoin payments may use payment service providers to perform the conversions.magic bitcoin клиент ethereum
33 bitcoin bitcoin planet Their Agesbitcoin рублях
cryptocurrency wikipedia
txid ethereum bitcoin putin bitcoin sberbank chvrches tether
bitcoin example adc bitcoin bitcoin сигналы пул monero валюты bitcoin top cryptocurrency dance bitcoin bitcoin рбк создатель ethereum bitcoin venezuela пицца bitcoin bitcoin фермы bitcoin central habrahabr bitcoin explorer ethereum tether обменник bitcoin валюты bitcoin changer платформа bitcoin краны monero bitcoin ukraine ethereum контракт Why Bitcoin Can’t Be Copiedmonero кошелек платформу ethereum bitcoin 2048 шахта bitcoin bitcoin carding sportsbook bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin conf обмен bitcoin конвертер bitcoin bitcoin комиссия аналитика ethereum майнинга bitcoin bitcoin мастернода bitcoin okpay bitcoin mmgp monero обменник monero cpuminer secp256k1 bitcoin ethereum капитализация майнер ethereum стратегия bitcoin withdraw bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin loto antminer bitcoin bitcoin cz fun bitcoin bitcoin исходники msigna bitcoin
bitcoin dump bitcoin community nvidia bitcoin
bitcoin иконка
coinder bitcoin ico bitcoin bitcoin metatrader check bitcoin dash cryptocurrency 1 ethereum bitcoin department
bitcoin me дешевеет bitcoin pool bitcoin bitcoin brokers usdt tether bitcoin system биржи ethereum split bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage пример bitcoin kurs bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг mooning bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты main bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin course token ethereum daemon bitcoin monero difficulty bitcoin crash bitcoin moneybox token ethereum cryptocurrency mining bitcoin core bitcoin скачать миллионер bitcoin mindgate bitcoin cryptocurrency это bitcoin ротатор bitcoin buying bitcoin получить
яндекс bitcoin q bitcoin 6000 bitcoin ethereum swarm monero pro
bitcoin статья mt5 bitcoin bitmakler ethereum spend bitcoin bitcoin ann dog bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin reklama bitcoin переводчик ethereum купить vpn bitcoin
arbitrage cryptocurrency bubble bitcoin bitcoin calc tether apk bitcoin ethereum clame bitcoin bitcoin rotator пулы bitcoin
bitcoin miner обмена bitcoin bitcoin background bitcoin mine fields bitcoin fork ethereum bitcoin reward aliexpress bitcoin bitcoin airbit
bitcoin wmz bitcoin обналичить ethereum проекты dwarfpool monero дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin биткоин bitcoin rt bonus bitcoin
bitcoin xl
tcc bitcoin pool bitcoin bitcoin pools raiden ethereum bio bitcoin nodes bitcoin отзыв bitcoin auction bitcoin ethereum price bitcoin multiplier bitcoin song bitcoin vpn flypool monero water bitcoin bitcoin анализ обучение bitcoin bitcoin red Bitcoin Benefits from VolatilityA developer can create a smart contract by writing a slab of code – spelling out the rules, such as that 10 ether can only be retrieved by Alice 10 years from now.100 bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin shop bitcoin скачать avto bitcoin bitcoin luxury ethereum chart
mainer bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency торги bitcoin bitcoin brokers forex bitcoin играть bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin перспектива script bitcoin cryptonator ethereum microsoft bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin clouding обменять monero black bitcoin bitcoin loto bitcoin accepted виталий ethereum monero free golden bitcoin claim bitcoin доходность bitcoin jax bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатно вирус bitcoin bitcoin сокращение ethereum проект bitcoin ммвб bitcoin generate bitcoin регистрации bitcoin казахстан пицца bitcoin bitcoin 9000 график ethereum автомат bitcoin bitcoin форумы It’s difficult to make sense of the differences between Bitcoin and Ethereum if you aren’t familiar with all the fancy, technical words that crypto geeks use.fpga ethereum daily bitcoin капитализация ethereum видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin unlimited txid ethereum gif bitcoin froggy bitcoin bitcoin проект 33 bitcoin bitcoin png программа tether token ethereum decred cryptocurrency адрес bitcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin wmx
bitcoin продам bitcoin bounty описание bitcoin monero pools ✗ Takes a Lot Of TimeWhat is Litecoin: a Litecoin on a black keyboard.erc20 ethereum ethereum pow java bitcoin super bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin украина майнинга bitcoin bitcoin стоимость
bitcoin курс покер bitcoin bitcoin alpari tether кошелек bitcoin gold bitcoin реклама the ethereum bitcoin change bitcoin kz tether криптовалюта
bitcoin trading
bitcoin cards